| Title: | Habitual use of vitamin D supplements and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a prospective study in UK Biobank |
| Journal: | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |
| Published: | 1 May 2021 |
| Pubmed: | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33515005/ |
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa381 |
| Citations: | 74 (17 in last 2 years) as of 8 Aug 2024 |
Publication 5113
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have related vitamin D supplementation to a lower risk of acute respiratory tract infection. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D insufficiency is related to a higher risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.</p>
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the prospective association between habitual use of vitamin D supplements and risk of COVID-19 infection, and assess whether such an association differed according to the different levels of circulating and genetically predicted vitamin D.</p>
METHODS: This study included 8297 adults who have records of COVID-19 test results from UK Biobank (from 16 March 2020 to 29 June 2020). The use of vitamin D supplements, circulating vitamin D levels, and main covariates were measured at baseline (2006-2010). Genetically predicted vitamin D levels were evaluated by genetic risk score.</p>
RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates, the habitual use of vitamin D supplements was significantly associated with a 34% lower risk of COVID-19 infection (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.97; P = 0.034). Circulating vitamin D levels at baseline or genetically predicted vitamin D levels were not associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection. The association between the use of vitamin D supplements and the risk of COVID-19 infection did not vary according to the different levels of circulating or genetically predicted vitamin D (P-interactions = 0.75 and 0.74, respectively).</p>
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that habitual use of vitamin D supplements is related to a lower risk of COVID-19 infection, although we cannot rule out the possibility that the inverse association is due to residual confounding or selection bias. Further clinical trials are needed to verify these results.</p>
18 Keywords
- Adult
- Aged
- Blood Group Antigens
- COVID-19
- Dietary Supplements
- Educational Status
- Female
- Humans
- Life Style
- Logistic Models
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Odds Ratio
- Prospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Vitamin D
- Vitamins
4 Authors
- Hao Ma
- Tao Zhou
- Yoriko Heianza
- Lu Qi
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